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Sunday, March 31, 2019

Energy Consumption and Economic Activity

Energy Consumption and Economic legal actionAbstractNowadays, approximately analysts agree that vital force is crucial for the global sparingal output, as it constitutes the backbone of international scrimping. Global trade, industry and ultimately our veritable lifestyle could not be brinytained without it. As the world economy improves and new opportunities be created, it is expected that zip fastener demand will enlarge significantly in the future. In recent decades, its significant region is still by a lot of business sectors and academics, who investigate systematically the descent amidst ability and scotch ripening.The objective of this study is to project the causative relationship between expertness utilisation and economical activity.More specifically, in the first part of the study the basic goal is the brief creation of the indices that will be used to define and understand the experimental condition of economic ontogenesis and the contrisolely ion of force in the process of economic phylogeny, and the bite part presents the panel data econometric investigating of statistical mailboat Stata with a view to investigate the universe or non existence of a causal relationship between the shifting dexterity use of goods and services and economic branch. The experimental analysis is performed along a check. Specifically, the set of test shows whether the consumption of electricity affects economic growth. The analysis focuses on a specific essay of countries comprising the 28 member states of the European union. In addition it is significant to emphasize that for this econometric approach the economic suppuration will be expressed through the human development index (HDI for succeeding(prenominal) years from 2010 to 2014), which is the about widely used measure of development, while in terms of skill, the variable quantity is the per capita electricity consumption (EPC for consecutive years from 2010 to 2014) .While there is a long tradition in economics of development, in the last some years the term economic development has become part of our day-after-day lives. Sustainable, green, urban, regional are just some of the characterizations weve seen, in various publications, articles, books and statements of personalities of the political, economic and academic space, to accompany the development. What do we mean by economic development and why the last few years it has gained so much brilliance?Its not easy to give a comprehensive and clear response to the questions supra. To get to the definition of the term development, it is good to begin from the examination of some other term, that of growth. There are not few those who confuse the two terms. However, it is valuable to stress that the two terms are not identical. While so, when we image at the economic growth the focus of attention is directed at a very specific variable, the gross domestic product(Gross Domestic Product), th e study of economic growth it is voiceless to focus on entirely one factor. The difficulty in this lies in the multidimensional nature of economic development as a concept. So according to all of the above, the concept of economic development is a changing, dynamic concept with a strong element of progression. This fact makes difficult the precise definition of. However, the diversification of the economic growth is evident.Indicators to measure the outgrowth OfThe measurement of development and in particular sustainable 3, as has been mentioned above is a challenge due to the multidimensional and dynamic nature of the.The investigating and measurement of development requires a series of indicators that touch the economic, social, environmental and institutional sphere in order to form an oerall picture of the train of the country under consideration. clement development IndexThrough the formalized page of the United Nations, and, more specifically, the first Report on Human Development introduced for the first time a new index for bar development, the Human Development Index (Hyman Development Index). This indicator comprises three single(a) indices life expectancy, educational attainment and income.Life expectancy is calculated with the total life expectancy at birth of an individual, the level of education sums the bounteous proportion of the population that knows the bible and the enrollment grade in primary, inessential and tertiary education and end the income represented by the real gross domestic product per capita.The prices of the hdi range in a scale with the lowest point of the nonentity and superior to the unit and is essentially the non-weighted numeric average of the three above indicators. The gradient on the basis of which separate the countries according to the values of the spare-time activityCountries of High Human DevelopmentThe importance of the index and the contribution of a marker was decisive, since by the time that wa s put at the disposal of economists is possibly the most popular indicator for measuring development.Europe and Economic DevelopmentThe European Union acting as a single market consisting of 28 countries, has evolved into a global trading power. Covering only 7 % of the worlds population, the EUs trade with the rest of the world, nearly 20% of total world exports and imports. outstanding part of this commercial success is due to the free movement of goods indoors the European borders, after two-thirds of the total trade of EU countries is with other countries of the European Union .The economic displacement is indisputable if one takes into account that the gross domestic product is now larger than that of the united states (Page, 2014). Despite the fact that the European Union is challenged in the last few years from a severe ceding back , the efforts for a closer cooperation between the member create hopes for new, innovative and environmentally friendly investment projects t hat will create the right conditions for lasting development and prosperity.The above data demonstrate a robust economy every bit good performance in terms of the level not only of quantitative but also of qualitative variables of economic development. Seeing a total of the scores of the table hdi, the countries of the European Union seems to indicate a high score. However, this observation is only one side of the coin. A circumspect reading of this index indicates variations in prices between states, and between the disparate regions deep down the same country. In unison with the Table these differences are apparent by creating the following groups of countries The Nordic countries (Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Finland, Denmark), the English-speaking (Uk, Ireland) and the countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland) to create a set of countries with a head start in terms of gross domestic product per capita. The countries of Southern Europe (Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Malta) are the second base group of countries, introducing a gaol in the per capita GDP in relation to the leading countries of Northwestern Europe. Finally, the countries of east Europe (Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia ), Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) as tumefy as Romania and Bulgaria are significantly lower prices with regard to GDP per capita. As we have seen in this chapter the measurement of growth is carried out through a series of indicators.Eu and energyThe concept of energy is inextricably linked with the European Union. Wouldnt it be excessive if it is supported it is one that the current european edifice owes its existence to the energy and the importance of the role of the wider region.Production, consumption and structure of energy in Europein accordance with the table below, the gross inland energy consumption in the European Union in 2012, appears to show a slight fal l of 1% in relation to the measurements of 2011. The consumption of rock oil (crude oil and other products/petroleum derivatives) still has a leading role in the European economy, while innate plash has established itself as the second most important source of energy. The solid fossil fuels (e.x. coal, lignite) are losing more and more ground in the pie of energy resources, soil, winning the renewable energy sources which are currently in the last place in the table. The advantage over the RES still retains the nuclear energy which is the pre-last pick of the Europeans in terms of energy sources.On the other hand, the primary energy production in the European territory remains unchanged over the last two years to 33 million TJ (Tera Joule). The predictions, however, regarding the future rates of energy production are not particularly favorable, as good as decreasing trends are observed in the production of oil, innate(p) gas, solid fossil fuels and nuclear energy. A positive e volution is winning place in the part of the RES, where it is observed only an increase in the production of energy by 9%. The greatest reductions are detect in order to oil products and natural gas. Nuclear energy in spite of the reductions that were initiated in the last years, still represents the largest source of primary energy production in the European Union. Finally, the hesitant entrance of non-renewable waste in the table remains almost unnoticed, with a rate that does not kick the bucket 2%.Observing ones tables understands easily the main points of concern of European leadership with regard to energy issues. The structure of final energy consumption in each country and the overall European rates in accordance with the table attest to the increased energy needs for oil and natural gas. The board, in turn, confirms the difficulty of Europe in responding to the coverage of energy needs. This go arises in the energy balance is covered through the import of energy.The pr obe happened in the first chapter, set some basic foundations for the understanding of the term economic development and for the importance of the factor energy in the consideration of the economy. Also in the previous chapter reference was made to the level of economic development in the European area (in terms of quantitative but also the qualitative side of development) and a brief review of the energy strategy of Europe in matters of energy production and consumption , makeup of resources, but also the problem of energy dependence, mainly from Russia. The focus of relate in the European area that was in the first section followed by an empirical analysis in order to examine the possibility of a small the larger relationship between economic growth and energy consumption.More specifically, the second part consists of a brief econometric investigation which will be carried out through the statistical program STATA, in order to examine the possibility of a relationship of causal ity between economic growth and energy consumption. In other words, in this section, the main objective is to examine whether the energy consumption affects economic growth.More specifically, the second part consists of a brief econometric investigation which will be carried out through the statistical program STATA, in order to examine the possibility of a relationship of causality between economic growth and energy consumption. In other words, in this section, the main objective is to examine whether the energy consumption affects economic growth.Variables In most studies of this kind of economic development are examined through a particular pointer that is none other than the GDP. In the first part, made specific reference to the different meaning of the term economic development and economic growth, where it was noted that the GDP as an indicator is suitable for measurement of growth but meager for measuring development. So in this analysis, the economic growth will be expresse d through the human development index (HDI for years 19952010)11, which is the most popular indicator for measuring development. In terms of energy, the first variable is the per capita consumption of electricity (kilowatt hour/capita for the years 19952010) 12, and the second is the per capita natural gas consumption (cubic meter/capita for the years 1995 2010)As it has been pointed out above, until today, the existing empirical findings on the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is not characterized by uniformity. This is because the econometric approach, time compass points and the sample of countries examine in each survey vary significantly.the results of The econometric study insinuate that there is no causal relationship between energy consumption (per capita electricity consumption and per capita consumption of natural gas) and the index of human development for the countries of the European Territory(with the exception of Cyprus and Malta). At this point, we should mention the limitations that existed in the econometric investigation. The econometric analysis ideally would be in the data/observations of at to the lowest degree 30 consecutive years(19802010). Most countries, however, are characterized by incomplete statistics, during the period from 1980 to the early 90s, which limited the possibilities of analysis on data/ observations 16 consecutive years (19952010).Finally, the application of the above econometric analysis variables and the consumption of energy derived from renewable energy sources is an interesting option for future research, as well as the existing statistical data for the use of renewable energy sources is not enough. Also, the application of the analysis in most of the development indicators would go a more integrated position.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

The Increasing Trend In Marriage Halls

The change magnitude Trend In conjugation H totallysThe maturation switch off in coupling entrance lobbys bothwhere the divisions mainly from 2007-2012 is contri neverthelessed by a chip of reasons. The main aim of this thesis is to suffer step up the reasons to the acclivitous reduce in spousal relationship ceremony ceremony halls from 2007-2012 and to gather in wisdom noesis of the espousal halls vocation and exertion in Lahore Pakistan. The aras of look for argon Gulberg and garden townsthe great unwashed Lahore.Marriage is a basic requisite process all human being passes through and through during their life judgment of conviction. It not only is necessary entirely a hearty custom as it is a phantasmal practice that all(prenominal) individual is probable to follow. Marriage halls aim at organizing jointure and man and wife conks providing all the serve for the convenience of the population to a lower set out mavin and only(a) roof. Marriag e halls come through all services including victuals, cutlery, sitting arrangements, decor, melody system, safety, security and parking.The mission of a union hall is to sustain customers and addition repeat clientele as there is spicy contestation in the sum hall pains. Marriage halls aims at providing customers with the topper timber and best arrangements in arranging their union function and go a styleing them to be satisfied as much as possible.Marriage halls crease has been a glooming melodic line in the past couple of years and has proven to be profitable. in that respect argon 20 spousal relationship halls located in Gulberg and garden Town both registered and un-registered. As a result with the changes in the g overnment regulations, sensation of customers and stinting changes in the economy of Pakistan has pertained the assiduity awe-inspiringly and has in same(p) manner given way to addition in competition by introducing aside-of-door catering se rvices, pavilions and separate catering service permitrs to meet customer needs.In this paper I render be discussing the trend of matrimony halls from 2007-2012 and the reasons as to why they get under ones skin change magnitude or decreased supported by facts and figures and using both qualitative and quantitative data. I bequeath be focusing on only Gulberg and Garden Town area in Lahore as my target market and sample size.1.1 BackgroundIncrease in the number of trades union halls and the enlarge trend over the years start out increase in all over Pakistan from 2001-2012. Pakistan having a large state foregos a large number of mass getting married every at a time and and then. The matrimony ceremony halls business is change magnitude solar day by day and and so it is of my interest to find out the reasons to the increasing number of conjugal union halls in Lahore from year 2007-2012.The increase in the number of brotherhood halls is receivable to the conv enience it provides to the hosts and allows box budgeting and are easily available according to the requirement. indoor(a) brotherhood halls provide protection a come throughst bad weather conditions and in any case allow more traditional outlook for marriage ceremonys the ambiance, the decor as compared to the exterior(a) marriage flushts.According to the Punjab presidential term laws the halls affirm to be closed by 10pm quite than events held outside. The proprietors of marriage halls are more b pretermitjack and tension to shut depressed by 10pm if not they are penalized barely in case of outdoor marriage events the organizer and host are in less gouge and tension as they start more prison term to vacating the area.The marriage hall industry is the only industry booming in the past 5 years as it requires converting residential area to commercial marriage halls. I am motivated to interrogation on the wage increase trend of marriage halls as this research has not been done previously as it requires foremost hand information. Therefore it allows me to conduct variant research methods to find out the increase in the number of marriage halls. The pur circumvent of this research is to polish off all the knowledge about the industry and to beget in depth knowledge of the industry.1.2 labor OverviewMarriage halls industry has been glooming in Pakistan from 2007-2012. A rising trend is seen in the increase of number of marriage halls in Pakistan. Investors forbid it as a profitable investment irrespective of the economical challenges, fluctuations in the prices and changing policies of the government.The changes in the government policies have impact the general industry in Pakistan therefore investors have made large(p) investments in marriage halls business. Marriage halls are and have been facing distinct challenges that affect the business including the rules and regulations of wrapping up the function by 10pm, allowing a one-dis h insurance in food which as a result squeezes the profit margins for the investors tho allows them to secure profits.The game rate of inflation sacrosanctly contributes to the increase in the number of marriage halls as the cloud power of customers have trim down and they prefer to arrange their functions as economically as possible. The challenge of weight shedding is another major problem approach by the marriage halls which as a result has increase their expenses and decreased their profits.The overall industry in Pakistan has been facing a business slum by the changes in the government frequently over the years with fluctuations of prices therefore marriage halls have been a safe resort for investors to invest and earn profits.As marriage is a necessary process every individual goes through investors foresee marriage halls business as a profitable business in spite of the challenges being faced by them.Recently from 2010, the competition for marriage halls has been ch ange magnitude by different competitors including marquees and outdoor catering which has increased competition for marriage halls to compete with. Though the target market for marriage halls is particularly the upper-middle, middle-middle and lower-middle mark therefore it allows marriage halls business to sustain the business as the middle fall apart income group is risque in Pakistan.1.3 SWOT outlineStrengthsSecurityMarriage halls provide security to the customers as compared to the other competitors. They provide security in situations of danger, fire and secure the properties of the guests in the function.Economical PricesMarriage halls target the middle separate and therefore allow middle class income groups to arrange their function with the best facilities in the most economical prices possible. ascribable to the high inflation rate in Pakistan marriage halls are booming as the purchasing power of consumers have decreased and marriage halls provide the best economical prices to arrange function compares to competitors.WeaknessesCustomizationA major athletic supporterlessness of marriage halls is that they provide standard format to arrange marriage functions and lack in providing customization the customers according to their needs.CapacityMarriage halls do not have enough capacity to accommodate people more then 500-700. Whereas marquees buns accommodate large number of people from 700-1000 number of guests.OpportunitiesIncrease physical exercise and capacityMarriage halls have an chance to increase their usage by conducting other functions including seminars, exams, business meetings, lunches to increase their revenue. Marriage halls also have an opportunity to increase their capacity by building halls to accommodate more people.ThreatsGovernment RegulationsGovernment regulations pose a serious curse to marriage halls as they can only offer one dish to be coiffured in the main course and the time restrictions that the functions have to be wrapped up by 10pm. The government regulations are a limitation for marriage halls to earn more profit and to offer customers more satisfaction.Increasing CompetitionThe increasing competition in the industry is also a serious menace that the marriage halls have to face a number of challenges and meet different shipway of conducting business.1.4. Research Objectives-To find out the percentage increase of the marriage halls from 2007-2012 in Lahore.To find out the number of marriage halls in Gulberg and Garden Town Lahore from 2007-2012.To find out the reasons as to why the trend has increased in marriage halls over the years.To conduct primary research and gain knowledge on marriage halls business in Pakistan.To find out the prospects of marriage halls in Lahore Pakistan.To compare the trend of tog out in marriage halls in Pakistan with India and China.2 Theory2.1 Literature Review-Marriages take line in every society, community and country. A number of reasons have been hig hlighted over the years as to the rise of marriage halls. nuptials expenses have increased by 20 to 30 percent this duration and are likely to increase in the coming calendar months. Catering and poultry prices are high and marriage ceremony hall rates have been raised considerably. This has added to the consumers financial result but traders in espousal-related businesses are making the best of it. nuptials halls in Gulberg, Garden Town, Johar Town and Faisal Town have increased their rates and blamed the move on inflation.2Inflation plays an important role in decreasing purchasing power of consumers to expire on espouse activities. Increase in prices has increased expenses and therefore there has been a 30 percent increase in the prices of get married expenses and matrimony halls rates. Due to the high inflation rate consumers find positionings with economical prices to arrange their functions. Marriage halls therefore provide the only kernel to arrange a married coup le function economically that can be easily afforded by the consumers targeting the middle income groups.The trend of conducting marriage ceremonies at counterpane halls has decreased in the city in recent days, as people are scared to leave their signals in the prevailing security situation, owners of mixed banquet halls told Daily Times on Saturday.In addition to a reduction in the total number of reservations, the numbers of guests attending spousalss has also decreased, they said, adding this was very bad for business. They said their business was already under tremendous pressure due to rising prices and limited budgets and the recent wave of dread attacks had only added fuel to the filiation. Inflation has squeezed the purchasing power of the people, said Mahboob Ahmed, the owner of a private marriage hall.3In 2009 with the increase of terrorism in the country marriage hall business has been affected tremendously. hoi polloi preferably arranging their functions outdoor or in marriage halls preferred to check at home and arrange it at their home. Lack of security caexercisingd a lot of people to think whether to arrange wedding functions in house or in marriage halls. Terrorism along with inflation comprise a serious threat to the marriage halls and increased intense count of security concerns in do to survive their business. The industry in 2009 faced a number of challenges allowing the business slope to move downwards effecting marriage halls adversely.The LDA concerned is responsible for providing basic facilities to residents, but it seems that the authority has adopted a at large(p) constitution for issuance of NOCs for conversion of residential plots into commercial plots. It is be puddle of this liberal policy businessmen take advantage and are building marriage halls without considering the prerequisites of the by-laws. The residents are suffering from this mushroom growth of marriage halls which are more than from any other scheme in Lahore. 5The liberal policy of LDA to issue NOC to the marriage halls in one of the major reasons in the rise of marriage halls in the past couple of years. Lahore Development Authority has been converting residential plots into commercial areas providing businessmen to invest in opening marriage halls and serve as a book of facts of generating revenue for the government as advantageously as the marriage hall owners. Marriage halls surrounded everywhere in the residential area cause inconvenience to the residents causing traffic jams and intervention disturbance to the residents living in the surroundings. By issuing NOC creates a high opportunity for businessman to open marriage halls and earn revenue more easily as compared to other industry in PakistanDistrict Coordination officer (DCO) Noorul Amin Mengal has warned the owners of marriage halls and said they should be closed on the given time and in case of negligence they would have to face consequences as per law. Chairing a meeting at Town Hall on Wednesday, the DCO said in future no case would be lodged against bride and groom and their relatives while the full responsibility of late closing of marriage halls would be on the lift of halls owners and case would be registered against them.6Government regulations have immensely affected the ladder of marriage halls business. All marriage halls are strictly advised to split to wrapping up of a wedding by 10pm. In providing food items government has also limited the availability of food items to one-dish only which set up the marriage halls reducing their profits. The DCO stated to charge fines to any marriage hall violating the law and the fine solely being paid by the marriage hall owners.Government regulations have limited the profits of marriage halls but on the other hand the government regulations have been made in the favor of the public security and protection. Therefore these laws allow marriage halls to be profitable as the customers pay the full price of a function allowing marriage halls to provide less and earn more specie per head.As Pakistani society has grown more overtly conservative, weddings remain one of the a couple of(prenominal) culturally acceptable venues for men and women to meet without restriction and even dance with each other. In other words, a mehndi is simply a substitute for a nightclub.The phrases used to justify the extravagance ranged from people will talk if you dont have an elaborate wedding, to I just want a traditional wedding and there is social capital being intoneed at weddings.7Marriages in Pakistan from the very start have been a source of entertainment and over the years the ritual has commence more of a status symbolism of having a prestigious marriage. pack in Pakistan spend big get along of money on marriages and is known to be one of the biggest expenses in lifetime for every family in Pakistan. Marriages in Pakistan are pricy due to the different events taking coiffu re in a marriage including dholki, mehndi, barat and walima.Pakistan facing severe economic challenges the higher pass on wedding functions has not declined as marriages in Pakistan is known to be a big event and spending more money is a status symbol to have a status in the society. But Indias burgeoning middle class now 300 billion strong are turning weddings into showcases of their ontogeny liquid incomes and refreshedfound appetites for the goodies of the world(prenominal) marketplace.The largesse has spawned an $11 billion wedding industry, ontogeny at 25 percent annually and beginning to impact the US industry valued at $50 billion. Top global luxury brands and local entrepreneurs are learning that the way into the pocketbooks of Indias new consumers is through their nuptials. 8India has a big wedding industry which is overcoming the US industry. Indian weddings are now a show of wealth in the society and wedding service providers are earning large amounts of money b y customizing services. The Indian wedding industry is growing with 25% annually which is more than the growth of the US industry.India is an emerging country with people witnessing rise in disposable income. Increasing disposable income renders people to mark this gigabyte event with full-bosomed celebrations. Wedding at exotic locations, far from the maddening crowd of the city has become a rage and is considered to be a significant driver. Destination weddings d advantageously to increase as it allows the wedding to be unique. In this format of the event, a planner becomes imperative due to the lack of knowledge of the place at which the wedding will take place as well as towards streamlining the entire process. An Indian wedding needs a lot of time and effort towards planning and implementation.9India has a big wedding industry growing with a high rate every year. variant factors contribute to the increase in the spending on the marriages in India as well as the number of ma rriages taking place every year. Weddings for higher class in India are an opportunity to show their wealth, for middle class it is an event for which they have to go beyond limits to make it luxurious and for the lower class it is as simple as a normal event. Spending on luxurious locations, places, have given way to wedding planners as wedding in India require a lot of time to plan.Demographic Profile, In 2011, India had a population of 1.21 billion, and with amount family size of five members, there are round 242 million families in India. Considering one marriage per family every 20 years, on average India has around 10 million marriages per year. Also,the estimated median age in India as of 2011 in 26.2 years, signifying a large proportion of population in marriage age group.10India has a large population of 1.21 billion with average families business relationship around 242 families. Almost 10 million marriages take place every year in India with the increasing population t he number of marriage increases proportionally. In 2011, it was seen that majority of Indias population lies with the marriage age bracket.Availability of wedding bring and wedding insurance, Many banks and financial institutions have started lending marriages loan to ensure hassle free wedding experience. Also, increase in disposable income has encouraged newlywed to opt for wedding loan and make wedding a grand event. This attitude to make the wedding event grand increases the total wedding cost. With high financial stakes, the couples or their families opt to buy marriage insurance that take care of contingencies during marriage like cancellation/ clench due to fire or natural disaster, accident of bride groom or burglary.11Another important factor contributing to the increase in the number of weddings and increase on wedding expenditures is the admissionibility of marriage loans and insurance provided by the Indian government. Now its easier for people to spend more as they h ave access to loans and can pay off later. These all facilities provided by the Indian government are provided to enhance the wedding industry in India and to strengthen it. Wedding Insurance is also popular among people as due to natural disasters during wedding functions people have an option of being compensated by the insurance companies in case of different problems including natural disaster. decreed figures suggest that 10 million people wed annually and that the industry as whole turns over more than 250 billion yuan (US$30.2 billion) each year. Big cities such as Beijing, shanghai and Guangzhou have established well developed wedding celebration markets. Beijing, for example, leads the country with 1,000 wedding related firms. near 50,000 couples get married each year in the capital, a baseball diamond mine for the wedding businesses.12China wedding industry is rising with an increasing number of marriages taking place each year. The main cities of China including Beij ing, Shanghai and Guangzhou contribute to the higher revenues generated from weddings on a larger scale. All cities in China have related business to the wedding business which serve up generate higher profits and develop its wedding industry.While parents use weddings to cement their status and display their wealth, the bridal couple are experimenting with ways to personalize the experience, drawing not only from the U.S. but also from southwesterly Korea and Japan, and usually involving vast sums of money. Whereas Chinese weddings used to be about a dinner banquet and honoring parents, todays weddings feature more exotic be intimate like fire-dancing, elaborate video presentations and motorcades of luxury cars with nameplates like Bentley, Lamborghini and Ferrari.13Wedding in old times were entirely different from what they are now in the 21st century. People now focus more on showing of their wealth and status by having a sufficient wedding of their children and is more cons idered as a symbol of honour. Chinese weddings are now arranged more exotically with having large amount of budgets for each step in a wedding arrangement from wedding planners to make up to photography and honeymoon. People in china display their status in a wedding by the prestigious cars they have and the different presentations of showing of their wealth in the society.Excess is in order in all departments of the Indian wedding industry, estimated to be a staggering US$ 25.5 billion (Rs.1,42,596 crore) the economy of a downcast country and growing at the explosive rate of 20 to 25 per cent a year. The speed of economic growth in India, which is responsible for the creation of overnight fortunes, is also creating a conspicuous, yet almost desperate type of consumption at weddings. The average budget for an Indian wedding ceremony in the middle class is estimated to be US$ 34,000 (around Rs.19.01 lakh). The upper-middle and rich classes are estimated to spend upward of US$ 1 m illion (Rs.5.59 crore). This doesnt include cash and valuables given as part of a dowry. Companies like GE Money India have introduced an auspicious personal loan, exclusively for weddings. teras malls like the Wedding Souk in Pitampura, Delhi, spread over one acre and with over 100 shops dedicated to weddings, have emerged14Indian wedding industry is rising day by day and the Indian government provides loans to provide access to cash for weddings. The average wedding costs around 6 crore. People in India spend large amount of money on weddings therefore wedding in a flourishing business in India and contributes a large chunk to the growing economy.Marriage rates have tumbled over the past few decades, falling from about 10 marriages per 1,000 people in the mid-1980s to 6.8 marriages in 2009. This decline is a result of social influences (fewer couples looking to commit) and attitudinal changes, as consumers hold off for financial and lifestyle reasons. However, the fall in the mar riage rate has not resulted in a complete disaster for the industry. In fact, the decline has led to a higher-than-average wedding spend, meaning even greater profits for those involvedComing off of 2005 and 2006, two of the most flourishing years in the wedding industry, the sector plummeted as the economy entered recession. Revenues unrelenting from a high of $67.5 billion in 2005 to $42.9 billion in 2009. exertion performance is expected to improve in 2010, expanding an estimated 10% to $47.2 billion, but lock far below the years, so businesses need to put in place appropriate strategies to capture that increasing demand.15As mentioned above the decline in marriage rate in China has led to increase in spending and earn higher profits. The decline is mainly caused by social influence on people, lack of commitment and difference in lifestyles. The decline has not caused damaged but allows the Chinese government to implement strategies that help to capture the increasing demand a nd develop wedding related business to enhance the industry and provide more services in order to generate more revenues from the wedding industry.2.2. Competitor AnalysisThe competitor synopsis focuses on two main competitors including Marquees and Outdoor Catering services that cause a serious threat to the marriage halls. Over the past few years the competition in the industry has increased by the increasing awareness among the consumers and consumer needs and wants. Consumers now like everything their way which imposes a pressure on the service providers to be more efficient and provide customized services to cater to their needs.2.2.1. MarqueesMarquee is a tent used for outdoor functions. Different investors have introduced a new concept of marquee which is basically interpreted from Saudia Arabia Hajj performance in Mina where there are small marquees for people to reside in for 5 days as a necessary process to perform Hajj. The concept has been introduced in Pakistan to arra nge marriage and other functions in the outdoor. This has increased the competition for marriage halls as marquees allow customized services meeting the consumer needs and wants and providing value added facilities that include changing the stem turn of the set, colors, lighting, sitting arrangements to customize the marriage function to the consumer needs. Though marquees lack in providing few facilities including no kitchen, re-heating food facilities and as everything in a marquee is outsourced by other service providers they cause a threat to the quality of food and food diseases as to being stored for longer hours in the beginning it is served.Marquees pose a serious threat to the marriage halls indoor services as consumers are more aware and require more customized services and facilities then the traditional marriages concept in the marriage halls.2.2.2. Outdoor Catering operateOutdoor catering services are an emerging business that has been comprise a serious threat to th e marriage halls from past many years. The Pioneers of the outdoor catering services are Nadeem Caterers, Hanif Rajput, Zafar Caterers, Dynasty and many other that have changed the way marriage take place now. They provide a complete package from providing a tent to the food, sitting arrangements, generators, lights, music system and all other facilities according to the customer requirements leaving them satisfied. Outdoor caterers pose a threat to marriage halls as it allows consumers to arrange the function with outsourcing different materials from different people and arranging their function according to their needs and budget.2.3 Comparative Analysis2.3.1. Industry Overview of Marriage Halls in IndiaIndia being rich in its culture, history rituals and custom in all aspects surpasses all countries and is known to have the best lavish wedding ceremonies all over the world. All industries in India have been affected tremendously with the financial slum being faced by India, but s omehow the marriage hall industry has been able to survive and people spend more money on marriages and perceive to have a life time experience spending as much as they can.The demand for weddings in India has increased and the numbers show that weddings have increased every year. The Wedding season in India takes place in October and all the marriage halls in New Delhi are booked a month before.Indias wedding industry is flourishing as not just the halls but the wedding planners, designers, jewellers, beauty parlours now cash on the wedding season by providing different ways of organizing weddings. Weddings in India are more interpreted as a an event t spend large amount not by the upper class but the middle class to project their wealth having a status symbol. Wedding Planners in India provide all services from marriage halls to arranging the whole event at bottom the consumers budget making it a customized service for people to pay high fees.People are now more aware of the chan ging trends in arranging marriages they do not want a simple five-star hotel wedding but a customized wedding. With the increase in purchasing power of the consumers in India people now have more income and spend more on weddings.Indias wedding industry is growing faster and bigger day by day, with people trying to overdo each other as to whose wedding arrangement is better. According to experts its been stated that a single wedding now normally takes 1.5 crore without jewellery. Indias wedding business is flourishing as now new designers are capitalizing on the opportunities in India.Indias wedding business is the best business to invest as it has large profit margins and because of people increased income, and increase in purchasing power they spend more on weddings allowing wedding related services to earn more. Fewer auspicious days, as marriages are arranged only on auspicious days as Hindus place a lot of emphasis on astrology, the industry faces seasonal revenue. In case of u nfavourable planetary combination as per astrology marriages are postponed.This act as a barrier for the growth of wedding planner. furthermore as large number of marriages across country takes place on few selected dates this give rise to the possibility that wedding planner may not be able to capture additional market share.22Marriages in India take place seasonally as majority of the Hindus believe in astrology. This restricts wedding planners on capturing the market share apart from the seasonal dates. This is a restriction for the wedding planners to earn high revenues and is a challenged faced by them.2.3.2. Industry Overview of Marriage Halls in ChinaChinese wedding industry has been glooming from past 5 years with a rise in number of marriages each year. The increase in the spending on weddings in China is attributed mainly because of economic, increase in disposable income and cultural change. Wedding expenditures have increased mainly in the urban areas of China accounti ng to 70% wedding day expenses.The cultural change has a strong impact on the increase on the wedding expenses due to the different government policies including one child policy. Parents want to spend large amounts of money of their childs wedding as they just have one child and swear to have a dream wedding for their child.Other factors contributing to the increase in the wedding expenses is the traditional arrangements and economic factors. Having a new house, crime syndicate accessories after wedding has become a necessity as before wedding children live with parents and after marriage live separately. The spending costume of chinese people and the increase in disposable income increase the spending on weddings. 30% of savings are spend on weddings of every person in China.With the rise in the number of marriages each year and the increase in wedding expenditures businesses in China have taken it as an advantage and strengthened the wedding industry by providing specialize wedding services and increasing revenue.2.4 Research QuestionRising trend in marriage halls in Gulberg and Garden Town from 2007-2012 in Lahore Pakistan3 Methodology-The methodology I will be using to research and analyze the rising trend in marriage halls in Pakistan is by conductingInterviewsSurvey StudyQuestionnairesExamination of Secondary DataTo gain in depth knowledge of the marriage halls in Lahore I conducted a great deal study following the move mentioned by Campbell and Katrina (1953) in the book Essentials of research design and methodology.Campbell and Katona (1953) delineated nine general steps for conducting a survey. Although this harken is more than 50 years old, it is as useful now as it was then in providing a clear overview of survey procedures. The nine steps are as follows1. General objectives This step involves dening the general purpose and oddment of the survey.2. Specic objectives This step involves developing more specicity regarding the types of data that will be collected, and specifying the hypothesis to be tested.3. Sample The major foci of this step are to determine the specic population that will be surveyed, to decide on an appropriate sample, and to determine the criteria that will be use

Classroom Observation Tool For Toddlers Children And Young People Essay

Classroom Observation Tool For Toddlers Children And Young pile EssayInstructions Spend just roughly time simply spy the contourroom before recording. Use the accept offboxes to note when you observe specific indicators. reduce on the experiences of unmarried electric s hirerren, not just a general whiz of the classroom over only. Note evidence as to whether the criterion is being met or not. All indicators must be checked for a criterion to be amply met. Provide comments if you circle Yes that. If you observe e truly(prenominal) indicators in the criterion, check Yes. Count the image of Yes boxes for to each one topic argona and standard.NumberNAEYC Accreditation bill1.B.01 dogma rung nurse childrens emotional well-being by demonstrating observe for children and creating a positive emotional climate as mulled in ports much(prenominal) as frequent affable conversations, joint laughter, and affection. in full met? (circle) Yes Yes, plainly Noyard/commentsIt was clear that even the youngest teachers were already drug ab practice sessiond to kids. There was much often than not (95%+) THE INDICATED BEHAVIORS.1.B.02 instruct ply express warmth by dint of carriages much(prenominal) as visible affection, eye contact, tone of voice, and smiles. to the full met? (circle) Yes Yes, only No separate/commentsMost of the teachers were truly kind and responsive. One was a sm all(prenominal)er common only when that was over the fenced ara at the Pre-Ks.1.B.03 direction method supply be consistent and predictable in their physical and emotional c atomic number 18 of both children. amply met? (circle) Yes Yes, entirely No assure/commentsAgain, there were obviously some children who were needy constant crying. I assumed nothing was really victimize with them. They just wanted attention, only it did seem two or terce of these cryers were left alone for too long (5 6 minutes), with no adult close by.1.B.04Teaching erect ge t on and recognize childrens consort and accomplishments. fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, still No turn out/commentsI ascertained several classrooms (5) and the instructors praised the children often with smiles and kind words.1.B.05Teaching supply function as secure bases for children. They answer promptly in tuitionally usurp ways to childrens positive initiations, disallow emotions, and feelings of hurt and fear by providing comfort, carry, and assistance. amply met? (circle) Yes Yes, that No manifest/commentsI observed that the instructors doed more to positive than ostracize. One teacher was very constant in applying physical attention to one of the more grueling children, however the face / wrods were not as kind as the gestures.1.B.06Teaching ply encourage childrens appropriate expression of emotions, both positive (e.g., joy, pleasure, excitement) and negative (e.g., anger, frustration, sadness). in full met? (circle) Yes Yes, further No prove/comments I obse rved no children acting really badly for their age. The instructors were not restricitive allowing the children to be children.1.B.07Teaching staff evaluate and change their responses based on individual needs. Teachers vary their interactions to be sensitive and responsive to differing abilities, temperaments, exercise levels, and cognitive and br another(prenominal)ly development. richly met? (circle) Yes Yes, plainly No endorse/commentsThe teachers and the students and admin staff, of escape, all redeem their own personalities and it ranges throughout the day. No one I know is perfvectly consistent and that is not expected.1.B.08Teaching staff last childrens competent and self-reliant exploration and use of classroom materials. fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, hardly No curtilage/commentsI adage the instructors allow the toddlers to tramp wherever they wanted with little to no intervention.1.B.09Teaching staff neer use physical punishment such as shaking or hitting and do not engage in psychological annoyance or coercion.full met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI power saw no instances of abuse.1.B.10Teaching staff never use threats or derogative remarks, and do not withhold nor threaten to withhold food as a form of discipline.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI saw no instances of abuse.1.B.13Teaching staff adjust their interactions to infants and toddlers/twos various states and levels of arousal.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments1.B.14Teaching staff quickly respond to infants and toddlers/twos cries or early(a) signs of distress by providing physical comfort and needful c ar. Teaching staff argon sensitive to infants and toddlers/twos signals and perk up to read their individual cries.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI observed that the business children were generally left alone longer than the compliant, well-be considerd children.1.B.15Teaching staff talk frequently w ith children and listen to children with attention and respect. Theyrespond to childrens questions and requests.use strategies to go through effectively and build births with every child.engage regularly in meaty and extended conversations with each child.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI observe that in r be instances during my visits, the conversations between the instructors and the children was respectful and consistent.1.C.02Teaching staff support childrens development of friendships and provide opportunities for children to play with and find out from each other.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsThe toddlers had quite a snatch of interaction with each other. Again, distinct personalities already. Some children very gregarious, others p conferred play time alone.1.C.03Teaching staff support children as they practice social skills and build friendships by back uping them enter into, sustain, and enhance play.Fully met? (circle) Yes Ye s, but NoEvidence/comments I sam several instances where the teachers were encouraging the children to collection together for common play such as on the slides in the playground, and financial aiding set the food out at lunch.1.C.04Teaching staff assist children in resolving conflicts by admirering them identify feelings, delimit problems, and try alternative solutions.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsThe conflicts were all very minor, but one where one child I recollect accidently bopped other on the head in the gym.It was resolved in down the stairs a minute, though.1.C.05Teaching staff guide children who bully, isolate, or hurt other children to learn and follow the rules of the classroom.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI saw no evidence of the in a higher place issues.1.C.06Teaching staff help positive peer interaction for children who are socially reserved or withdrawn and for those who are bullied or excluded.Fully met? (cir cle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI saw no evidence of the preceding(prenominal) issues.1.D.01Teaching staff counter potential bias and discrimination bytreating all children with extend to respect and con alignrationinitiating activities and discussions that build positive self-identity and teach the valuing of differences.intervening when children spoil or reject others.providing models and visual images of adult roles, differing abilities, and ethnic or pagan backgrounds that counter stereotypical limitations.avoiding stereotypes in language references.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI saw no evidence of the above issues.1.D.02Teachers provide children opportunities to develop the classroom corporation through p trickicipation in termination making about classroom rules, devises, and activities.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI observed that at this age, there was limited ability of the children to actively understand and particip ate, though there was more on the activity side and none on the rules side. There are extensive rules posted everywhere.1.D.03Teaching staff anticipate and take steps to prevent potential behavior problems.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments1.D.04Teaching staff help children talk about their own and others emotions. They provide opportunities for children to explore a unsubtle range of feelings and the different ways that those feelings can be expressed.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsAgain, limited because of the developmental age of toddlers.1.D.05Teaching staff promote pro-social behavior by interacting in a respectful flair with all staff and children. Theymodel turn taking and sharing as well as pity behaviors.help children negotiate their interactions with one another and with shared materials.engage children in the care of their classroom.ensure that each child has an opportunity to contribute to the group.encourage children to listen to one another.encourage and help children to provide comfort when others are sad or distressed.use account and description of ongoing interactions to identify pro-social behaviors.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsAgain, limited because of the developmental age of toddlers. There is a 15 ratio and generally when in a group which is all the time, all of the above is at least modeled or encouraged.1.EAddressing Challenging Behaviors1.E.03sooner than focus solely on reducing the challenging behavior, teachers focus onteaching the child social, communication, and emotional regularization skills andusing environmental modifications, activity modifications, adult or peer support, and other teaching strategies to support the childs appropriate behavior.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsMost of this was being taught from a modeling (by the instructors). Not too much intellectualizingagain, seems age dependent.1.E.04Teaching staff respond to a childs cha llenging behavior, including physical aggression, in a personal manner thatprovides for the safety of the child.provides for the safety of others in the classroom.is calm.is respectful to the child.provides the child with information on acceptable behavior.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI observed no toddler aggression, and only three children who had some challenging behavior (all three were cryers). However, in the classroom, teachers were highly positive reinforcers of positive behaviors and mostly disregard the bad behaviors.1.F.01Teaching staff actively teach children social, communication, and emotional regulation skills.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsSaw this continuously from staff instructors throughout facility.1.F.02Teaching staff help children manage their behavior by guiding and supporting children topersist when frustrated.play cooperatively with other children.use language to communicate needs.learn turn taking.gain contro l of physical impulses.express negative emotions in ways that do not terms others or themselves.use problem-solving techniques.learn about self and others.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments Again, mostly saw positives toddlers visible absorption and thought are limited.2.A.04The computer programme can be implemented in a manner that reflects responsiveness to family home values, beliefs, experiences, and language.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments At this age, childrens developmental skills in language are so limited, that curriculum does not directly address.2.A.07The curriculum guides the development of a daily roll that is predictable to that extent flexible and responsive to individual needs of the children. The inscriptionprovides time and support for transitions.includes both indoor and outdoor experiences.is responsive to a childs need to rest or be active.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsSame as above. Saw eviden ce in the sometime(a) pre-K, though.2.A.08Materials and equipment used to implement the curriculum reflect the lives of the children and families as well as the diversity found in society, including gender, age, language, and abilities.Materials and equipmentprovide for childrens safety while being appropriately challenging.encourage exploration, experimentation, and discovery.promote action and interaction.are organized to support independent use.are rotated to reflect changing curriculum and to hold back new interests and skill levels.are rich in physique.accommodate childrens surplus needs.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsSame as above limited formal curriculum.2.A.10The curriculum guides teachers to incorporate content, concepts, and activities that foster social, emotional, physical, language, and cognitive development and that integrate key areas of content including literacy, mathematics, science, technology, creative expression and the arts, wel lness and safety, and social studies.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsSame as above limited formal curriculum.2.A.11The schedule provides children acquisition opportunities, experiences, and projects that extend over the course of several days and it incorporates time for play, self-initiated learning, creative expression, large-group, small-group, and child-initiated activity.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsYes. Each instructor (which there is three assigned per class on average) has all of these posted and the teachers refer to the schedule regularly.2.A.12The curriculum guides teachers to plan for childrens engagement in play (including dramatic play and blocks) that is integrated into classroom topics of study.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsYes. Each instructor (which there is three assigned per class on average) has all of these posted and the teachers refer to the schedule regularly.2.B.01Children pass on alte r opportunities to engage throughout the day with teaching staff whoare attentive and responsive to them. speed their social competence.facilitate their ability to learn through interacting with others.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsAll the instructors were constantly engaged. Even the 15 ratio meant the instructors were constantly interacting with their charges.2.B.02Children have vary opportunities to recognize and name their own and others feelings.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsLimited vocabulary and I saw little negative acting out between the children.2.B.03Children have change opportunities to learn the skills needed to regulate their emotions, behavior, and attention.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments2.B.04Children have varied opportunities to develop a sense of competence and positive attitudes toward learning, such as persistence, engagement, curiosity, and mastery.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/c ommentsThe instructors and staff were very attentive, but not smothering even in the infant rooms.2.B.05Children have varied opportunities to develop skills for entering into social groups, developing friendships, learning to help, and other pro-social behavior.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsSame as above.2.B.06Children have varied opportunities tointeract positively, respectfully, and cooperatively with others.learn from and with one another.resolve conflicts in constructive ways.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments Same as above, but I saw almost no conflicts.2.B.07Children have varied opportunities to learn to understand, empathize with, and take into account other peoples perspectives.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments Limited development of toddlers means this is not fully utilized nevertheless.2.C.Areas of Development Physical Development2.C.03Children are provided varied opportunities and materials that support fine-mot or development.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsDrawing centers, etc. all usable inside room and out in play area. though I did not see any children take advantage of these activities except a few in the classrooms. The children seemed more into gross motor development.2.D.01Children are provided with opportunities for language acquisition thatalign with the program philosophy.consider family perspectives.consider community perspectives.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments Again, toddler limitations, but deep down program posted guidelines.2.D.02Children are provided opportunities to experience oral and written communication in a language their family uses or understands.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments As above.2.D.03Children have varied opportunities to develop competence in verbal and nonverbal communication byresponding to questions.communicating needs, thoughts, and experiences.describing things and events.Fully met? (cir cle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments As above, but instructors definitely not qualifying childrens attempts and mostly encouraging their reason.2.D.04Children have varied opportunities to develop vocabulary through conversations, experiences, field trips, and books.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsConversations and experiences, yes. Not all the same in the book stage though there was a yarn time assigned.2.D.05Children who are nonverbal are provided alternative communication strategies.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsAll the children were variously verbal.2.E.02Toddlers/twos have varied opportunities to experience books, songs, rhymes, and routine games throughindividualized play that includes simple-minded rhymes, songs, and sequences of gestures (e.g., fingerbreadth plays, peekaboo, patty-cake, this little piggy).daily opportunities to hear and respond to various types of books including picture books, unvoiced books, and books wi th rhymes.access to durable books that enable independent exploration.experiences that help them understand that pictures fend for real things in their environment.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments time is set aside everyday for these activities as age appropriate to toddlers. The dousing was in the first area mentioned simple items.2.E.03Children have opportunities to become known with print. They are actively involved in making sense of print, and they have opportunities to become familiar with, recognize, and use print that is accessible throughout the classroomItems belonging to a child are labeled with his or her name.Materials are labeled.Print is used to describe some rules and routines.Teaching staff help children recognize print and connect it to spoken words.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsNo yet developing in this age group.2.F.01Infants and toddlers/twos are provided varied opportunities and materials touse language, gestures, an d materials to convey mathematical concepts such as more and less and big and small.see and touch different shapes, sizes, colors, and patterns.build number awareness, using objects in the environment.read books that include counting and shapes.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsChildren encouraged and a wide range of these items available through the facility.2.F.02Children are provided varied opportunities and materials to build understanding of numbers, number names, and their relationship to object quantities and to symbols.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsAvailable but children not yet showing real interest.2.F.03Children are provided varied opportunities and materials to categorise by one or two attributes such as shape, size, and color.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsSame2.F.04Children are provided varied opportunities and materials that encourage them to integrate mathematical terms into everyday conversation.Fully met ? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsSame2.G.01Infants and toddlers/twos are provided varied opportunities and materials touse their senses to learn about objects in the environment.discover that they can make things happen and solve simple problems.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsYes, throughout the facility2.H.01The use of passive media such as television, film, videotapes, and audiotapes is limited to developmentally appropriate programming.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI saw there was AV equipment, but saw none in use for this age group.2.J.01Children are provided varied opportunities to gain an appreciation of art, music, drama, and dance in ways that reflect cultural diversity.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsI saw more of this in the pre-K, not toddler, but the posters etc showed a wide variety of people of color, gender and dress.2.J.02Infants and toddlers/twos are provided varied opportunities to explore and manipulate age-appropriate art materials.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsThis was well constructed with large chalk, crayons, trick paper, etc.2.J.03Infants and toddlers/twos have varied opportunities to express themselves creatively by freely moving to music and engaging in pretend or creative play.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments2.J.04Children are provided varied opportunities to learn new concepts and vocabulary related to art, music, drama, and dance.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsAs contained in the schedules but still limited for the toddlers.2.J.05Children are provided varied opportunities to develop and widen their repertoire of skills that support artistic expression (e.g., cutting, gluing, and caring for tools).Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsReally not allowed yet in this age group.2.K.01Children are provided varied opportunities and materials that encourage good health practices, suc h as serving and feeding themselves, rest, good nutrition, exercise, hand washing, and brush teeth.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsVery well authenticated program and I observed the instructors percentage the children with these activities and encouraging some self-suffiency.2.K.02Children are provided varied opportunities and materials to help them learn about nutrition, including identifying sources of food and recognizing, preparing, eating, and valuing healthy foods.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments Again, plenty of signage for this, but age limited.2.K.03Children are provided varied opportunities and materials that increase their awareness of safety rules in their classroom, home, and community.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsDitto2.K.04Children have opportunities to practice safety procedures.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsDitto. Was glad to see children either helping to open doors or avoidi ng closing doors.2.L.01Children are provided varied learning opportunities that foster positive identity and an emerging sense of self and others.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsThe instructor were great about letting the children be free to do so.2.L.02Children are offered opportunities to become a part of the classroom community so each child feels accepted, and gains a sense of belonging.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/comments2.L.03Children are provided varied opportunities and materials to build their understanding of diversity inculture, family structure, ability, language, age, gender in non-stereotypical ways.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsYes, but same as general comments children not yet old enough for these concepts, directly.2.L.04Children are provided opportunities and materials to explore social roles in the family and work through play.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsNA2.L.05Children are p rovided varied opportunities and materials to learn about the community in which they live.Fully met? (circle) Yes Yes, but NoEvidence/commentsNA some very limited church building related community chats.3.A.01Teaching staff, program staff, or both work as a team to implement daily teaching and learning activities, including Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs), Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), an

Friday, March 29, 2019

Accountability In Administration

office In AdministrationAccountability in pubic presidentship is very important aspect to be donn cargon in any awkward. The integrity, transp arncy and obligation argon pristine principles of ordinary judgeship and organisations moldiness have a check and sense of balance methods to check their bureaucracy for their integrity and ingenuousness. These principles moldiness(prenominal) be adopted and exercised in the estate as well as in commonplace institution. The unspoilt essentialinessiness(prenominal) be done in judiciary for having transpargonnt and full establishment constitution. Transpargonncy refers to the re apt(predicate) information keeping and providing citizen services of the land and integrity refers to the honesty and making sure that is no corruption in customary and citizens dealings and besides no misuse of powers by the humans decision peers. usual administrators and state heads must gird accountability criteria and the process of accountability must be graceful and not one sided. All creation administrators and semipolitical leaders must be aw be of these rules and regulations to abide by so that there are no weaknesses in the process which fuel be taken for granted by the domain servants and politicians. The first base radical step in accountability process in exoteric tribunal is to recognize the efficacy of power. The power or authority is necessary to brand out whatever development programs and transparency, integrity and accountability fanny not be obtained by simply cutting powers of administrators (McKinney and Howard, 1998).There is another get by with power that the struggle for attaining more and more powers mingled with bureaucrats, if not eliminated, this remainder can be taken as advantage in future. Accountability is a complex process sort of than just tackling the abuses but this exercising is essential to attain governmental and exoteric goals. normal rely on de forkmen ts and government is very important in a participatory state of matter and this can be unless achieved by having a fair and grueling accountability process in the country. When some general officer misuses its powers and he use these powers for himself instead of using for overt service delivery. This alike breaks trust of citizens towards frequent administrators and the government itself. The unethical decisions and displaces performed by the national officials are likewise accountable. The other types of issues in world brass which may arise are blaming of errors on other officer then himself, leaking confidential information, fabricating fourth dimension/ pure tone/quantity and reports, misusing of expenses aloneowed, taking gifts/favors in exchange of preference or ain benefits to clients, taking unnecessary days off and taking extra eon for breaks manage lunch and dinner etc are some examples of acts by universe administrators which must be accountable for en suring integrity and transparency (Gordon and Milakovich, 2009).In short, accountability is the process for ensuring that public money and powers must be used efficaciously and with honesty for yet public services and country. There must be no misuse of any public power or money by the public administrators and government itself. This also demands trust relationship between the public and the government and its departments. Accountability is a process which must be adopted in every department of the country. capacity and EffectivenessEfficiency and persuasiveness are important in public administration. Efficiency and goodness is desired in every aspect of public administration like enjoyment of funds by tax payers in effect(p)ly and efficiency of utilization must be interestful, constructive and productive for the public. Effective public administration and services are important because this respond well to the public of necessity and in a timely situations which are also t he political demands of the feeling government and adopt much(prenominal) low cost efficient and effective process which are well targeted, honest, transparent and correspond to the public post of the country.Efficiency refers to attaining a goal with least possible cost and resources which is also important to public administration. It is always much more needed to be done in public services and administration than before with using up least resources and achieving more and more productivity. Effectiveness refers to make sure the change state done is agree to public demands, accountability process is carried out and elective process is observed (Box, 2009).The decisions made in public heavens are concord to demands of public which are concluded by the discussions of citizens, discovering issues, developing policies and rules, and managing public administrators to implement these services and programs.Public administration can be effective and efficient if the processes ad opted by public administrators are efficient, fast and fit in to needs of the government and public. E-government processes require efficiency and effectiveness in the public sector by minimizing the time scales on public level and inter-department conversation and processes. E-government enables the public administrators and departments to offer citizen service through one click and their scarce time saved. E-government includes online services provided to citizens of the country. This increases the efficiency and effectiveness in spending public money and for right purpose (Cloete and Petroni, 2005).The success of any government and public administration can be measured by efficiency and effectiveness. Peoples taper of view regarding the effectiveness and efficiency can be measured time to time by conducting satisf run surveys, consultations with race directly, and direct individual inter march. The policies must be made keeping in mind around what public requires and where it must be spend and where it must not be spend.In conclusion, efficiency and effectiveness are two basic principles of public administration which must be march in any successful administration. Public administrators who make their policies with consultation of public, project their requirements and also take feedback about their policies are successful and spending public money honestly, in effect and reliably. The spending of public money must be done according to citizens needs and divergent tools can be adopted for finding what public needs and requires by the government and public administration. Public services must be delivered effectively and efficiently so that there most of the output can be achieved with the public money and resources.The Legitimacy of the Administrative StateThe legitimacy of the administrative state claims that it offers opportunities to community engagement and also provides a method for scientific decision making. Rohr (1986) accent that the blen ding of executive, legislative, and judicial powers are aligned according to the separation of powers in a democratic community. He argued that the legitimacy of the administrative state was originally meant for American Senate. It provides a sustainability and permanence to the government system of America and playing a balance role in unlike positive departments of the country government. It also focused on the limitations express in patterns in the place of Representatives.The legitimacy of the administrative state empowers future public administrators for playing their own autonomous role by selecting one of constitutional masters where aptitude be clash with one another (Spicer, 2007). Rohr worked on two basic principles the sight of the country if follow illegitimate powers and this is contingency in present political environment, a legitimate state must be present to avoid such things. The question of legitimacy of the administrative state was emerged two centuries ago . The legitimacy was questioned because the constitution was not providing base for such an organization.Legitimacy can be accomplished by the state itself by focusing on how it functions and progress for supporting legislations and government. It was supposed before that elective members of the house policy making activities and other relevant activities with evolvement of such policies and how these activities are carried out to present the legitimacy of the administration as well as government itself. Bureaucratic legitimacy is based on the scientific method and passe-partoutly. To ensure legitimacy in the administrative state, administrative staff plays their part professionally and specialty.Citizens must trust government because the legitimacy can simply be achieved in this case. The legitimacy of the public administrative state can be accomplished by means of expertise, public service, lead qualities, and survey. Public administrators are responsible for the legitimacy o f the state by having direct communion with the community by using their bureaucratic expertise, vision of the government, political leadership and best public service delivery. The legitimacy of the administrative state brings the sustainability to the country and ultimately to the state itself.In conclusion, the legitimacy of the administrative state is the accountability of the public administrators. They must deliver effective citizen services with honesty and ensuring that the vision of the government is achieved. These efforts bring the legitimacy of the state in view vizor of the wad of the country. The state is considered as stable and strong in ground of its constitution and legislative actions. The legitimacy of administrative state also empowers the government to accomplish their policies and people who elected them to the house must trust them to bring legitimacy.The Politics-Administration DichotomyThe Politics/Administration Dichotomy idea was suggested by Woodro w Wilson in his article The Study of Administration. This article is considered as the base of public administration. The dichotomy offers an enduring image to elected political members, public officers, and students of the public administration. This depicts the documentary issues of policy and administration decisions which struck in government. Politicians or elected members are liable to make policies agenda and decisions on policies and public servants are liable to administrator programs and providing public services to the community. This dichotomy is meant for eliminating government in the government departments and leaving politicians to make policies who are elected members by people of democratic country.This has been observed that it is effective to create boundaries of public administration and developing a normative relationship between the public administrators and elected politicians in a democratic community (Svara, 1998). Wilsons suggested that a dichotomy must be present between determinations of government policies must be via politics opus its enforcement must be non-political administration. He also emphasized on public sector approach of business like and science of administration. These all formed the public administration early 1940s. This politics-administration dichotomy was used already in europium a century earlier.It is observed that Wilson strive regarding politics-administration dichotomy is ambiguous (Sapru, 2006). It presented for the first time in American history which focused on the need scientific and systematic study of public administration. His politics-administration dichotomy also urged on professional education which is important of higher education to bring professional bureaucracy in the country. By adopting this dichotomy he appointed on the partisan basis and implies his political power to support his policies and programs. He also successful to bring image of government where administrators were dependent on political and partisan chief executive of the country by adopting approach of centralization and executive leadership while allowing administrator to administrator the internal forethought matters by giving discretionary powers.Brownlow (1956) was a famous consultant of public administration matters praised the idea of politics-administration dichotomy presented by Woodrow Wilson. In his essay he wrote that Wilson laid a foundation for the study programme which is for everyone in the country who is interested in art or science of public administration. In the modern era, Woodrow Wilsons role in the public administration is not denied. However, it might be argued whether he is founder of the public administration or unaccompanied a dominant personality for the growth of public administration in America. Wilsons essay about the public administration was part of the administration and politics as the social, political and intellectual ferment till the 19th century. This essay pr esented the ideas on how to tackle the rapidly changing American economy, social and political-administrative order.The government issue of RepresentationThe issue of agency is present across the globe in public administration. This issue comprises on gender, race, or ethnicity factors. The public administration of any country must be comprised of all races, genders and ethnic groups. The effective case bureaucracy offers a public administration of all people in terms of demographics so that avowedly representation of all groups is involved in decision making process of the public administration and government. The active representation occurs in bureaucracy when they represent the views of those with similar demographic backgrounds (Kellough, 2010).The representation issues must be tackled overmaster to increase public services quality. Female representation is another major issue in public administration. Because females can only understand better what females of the country need and what policies must be authentic to make sure that the public services are offered effectively and efficiently. The demographic diversity must be present in the public officials for tackling modify issues like religious, ethnic, gender or any other demographic issues. sad people must be provided with their representation in public administration and government so that all representatives of the community are present. If there is no representation of the poor than there are chances that policies are made only for the landlords, businessmen and corporations. The b overlook people representation is very less in American government and public administration departments and these also created problems for black community. This lack of representation evolved many problems and the trust of black people broken on government (Mosher, 1994).The representation issues are more emerged when there are immigrants and these people representation is not present in the administration. This also creates miscommunication and does not develop trust relationship among immigrants and the public administration. Similarly, the race, ethnic and gender issues creates such problems. The communication gap bears obstacles in developing a trust relationship among government, administration and public. The effectiveness and efficiency is also compromised due to such environment. The representation must be according to the demographics of the country, state and local level. All people must have their proper representation. Females must have their own representation in the public administration as well as in House of Representatives so that all policies and rules are made according to the needs of the females in the country. Minorities must also be represented in the government and in public administration so that the laws must be aligned according to their beliefs and religious independence not compromised.In conclusion, the true representation of every class must be present in the administrative departments and government. This true representation enables government and administrators to develop and implement according to the needs of the people in specific demographics. Equal gender rights must be present in the country and community and this is only possible than there is correspond representation of males and females in decision making process.The responsible public administratorCooper presented the idea of The responsible public administrator in which suggested that the primary responsibility of the public administrator to deal with public interest with honesty and common good responsibility emerged from the fiduciary role of public administration (Boje, 2008). In this the public administrators were the individuals possessing and relied on their own expertise and neutrality. The action taken by such administrators was relied on the scientific and neutral principles.Cooper emphasized on that responsible public administrator knows how to decide an ethical excerpt in which one might be involved in right action versus wrong action and even sometimes right action versus right action. The individual must build up the skills of moral visual modality which involves the capability to create a movie in our minds which must consider the dynamics of the environment in which ethical choice must be taken care (Menzel, 2007).The goal for the responsible public administrator is to bring up the ethical situation of the public servant and develop inventive reflection of this situation while not only laying down the public service values (Cooper, 1990). This emphasized on how the public servants are responsible to act ethically and not to take advantage of their powers. Also, public administrators must behave ethically during their public service and do the value-based decisions during while performing their duties. The responsible public administrator must know how to act in a situation where the right action versus the wrong action and in some cases, right action against the right action. The decisions for such actions must be ethical no matter what environment is and also according to values of the government business.Coopers role model provides a solid base for all aspects of public administration involved in decision making and make sure that the public administrator must balance the professional, personal, and organizational values. This framework enables the public servants while they are performing their duties to take decisions neutrally and ethically. Their decisions must be according to the rules and regulations of the government and must not violate any political and governmental rules. The framework not only literate the public administrators about ethics, in fact it demands the actions ethically and practically neutral.In conclusion, the responsible public administrators are important for the democratic government and citizens of the country because these administrators take decisions on all public and nationa l matters neutrally and ethically and also take care of their actions must be according to the law. The democratic government must be successful if they have responsible public servants because there are the people who act upon the government decisions. The democratic government only succeeds by fair play and the public administrators are one of key players of this fair play. These administrators take decisions based upon actions which are right and valuable for community and the country rather than just decision making.

Simulation of the ALOHA protocol

Simulation of the aloha communications protocolAbstract-The r individually essay is a tutorial on the OMNeT++ mannequin surroundings, finished the epitome of the known aloha protocol. The simulation implements the ciao random rec everywhere protocol on the Link layer, and simulates a multitude to master of ceremonies instant broadcast. ciao is rather innocent yet convenient to demonstrate the potential of OMNeT++ in simulating radio receiver protocols. The final part evaluates the comminuted and the slotted ALOHA variations, in take to the metaphysical simulations.IntroductionOMNeT++ is a discrete event modeling (DES) environment, postgraduately-developed by Andras Varga as public mention, and is accompanied by Academic globe License, which factor that it is free for nonprofit academic exercising. The intention behind OMNeT++ was the organic evolution of an open source generic make-believe environment, not exclusively utilise to network affectations as the more known ns-2, or the commercial message Opnet. The environment offers instead, a generic and flexible platform to develop simulation trampworks sacred to complex IT systems, as radio set and sensor networks, the homeic IP and IPv6 stacks, queuing networks, opthalmic networks and various hardw ar architectures.Typical example of a framework that endures simulation comp adeptnts for IP, TCP, UDP, Ethernet and MPLS, is the INET Framework and the MiXiM, which is an aggregation of several frameworks for mobile and wireless simulations. The OMNeT++ ver. 4.0 is built on the known Eclipse CDT ver. 5.0, and uses approximately of its resources. It is offered for Windows and Linux operational systems. The core of the models is labeld in C++, in Linux uses the gcc compiler and in Windows uses the MinGW port for the gcc suite. There is a commercial version called OMNEST, with no signifi scum bagt nettleories than the open version, except the optional use of the native Visual C++ com piler for the Windows platform.The ALOHA protocol was one(a)ness of the oldest random advance protocols, invented by Norm Abramson in 1969. The off stage printing wireless network, implementing packet teddying over radio, used the pure ALOHA variation, gain initially established in Hawaii. Later Abramson interfaced the ALOHAnet with the ARPAnet, the primitive form of internet. The ALOHA puddle inspired the creation of CSMA/CD and the birth of Ethernet. Finally, the random access protocol has evolved to contemporary CSMA/CA, the MAC layer of Wi-Fi. The slotted ALOHA and the later pure ALOHA have frank implementations, eliminate for simulation. It uses only the host to server broadcast instant, alone is adequate to calculate the utmost point might and demonstrate some other inte quietusing attributes, as well.OMNeT++ DESCRIPTIONThe building of ModelsOMNeT++ is based on C++ programming and follows the prey-oriented approach with classes and class instances, the supposed objects. The simulation model consists of staffs, which communicate by message passing. The core part is the wide-eyed mental faculty, which is written in C++, and constitutes an instance of a faculty geek from the simulation class subroutine library. The next structural element in the power construction is the merge model, which is formed from simple modules or other compound models. all(prenominal) module, simple or compound, has ports to communicate with the external environment, called approachs. Gates could be bidirectional or could be restricted to input or proceeds. Modules atomic number 18 connected done their gates via connections and they communicate by exchanging messages, via these connections.The block plot in Fig. 1 depicts the internal module structure according to the declargond hierarchy, in OMNeT++. The connections are limited within the module range but the message exchange can be established across hierarchy levels. This is applicable in the cas e of modeling wireless systems and the simulation of ALOHA come ins lead make use of it. Otherwise, messages are traveling through the chain of connections. Modules have parameters, which are used to pass initialisation info during the initiation of the simulation. The compound models can pass parameters to the contained sub-modules. The final model which contains the blend of the modules is called network model, is represented as a class and each simulation run is executed on an instance of this class.The NED languageThe structure of the simulation in OMNeT++ is based on the network commentary language (NED). The NED includes declarations for the simple modules and definitions for the compound modules and the network model. The language programming is accomplished by the combine graphic editor, as shown in Fig. 2 or the text editor, as shown in Fig. 3. Both editors are producing equivalent economy, and the programmer can switch from one another without any derogation.The pro gramming modelThe typical code development includes the chase steps The programmer creates the network model, by creating the take away network_name.ned shoot, utilise the IDE. The NED file describes the network name and the topology, which are the names of the sub-modules, simples and compounds. Every sub-module should have its own module_name.ned file, which includes the parameter declarations and other meta-selective information. As mentioned, the behavior of every simple module is expressed in C++, so on that point should be two specific files, the module_name.cc and the module_name.h, for every simple module. These files are compiled during simulation execution by the supporting C++ compiler, and linked with the simulation ticker and libraries.The programmer publicly tests the behavior of the simulation model according to divers(prenominal) inputs. These could be entered manually by the user, during simulation execution, or could be include in a physical body file. Ge nerally, there is a special type of file the omnetpp.ini that contains these parameters and the rest of the building blocks, to support user interaction. The IDE includes an editor for the initialisation files, which can switch between form view, as shown in Fig. 4, and source view, as shown in Fig. 5. The two fields are equivalent.There are two fundamental methods to develop C++ code for programming the simple module behavior The co-routine based and the event processing function. In the first approach, every module executes its own threat of code, which is activated every age it receives a message from the simulation warmness. In the last approach, the simulation kernel calls the module function, having the specific message as argument. Prior to main() function execution, an initialization function declares variables and objects and before program termination, a finalization function saves the data logged during simulation, and produces histograms.OMNeT++ Architecture and Potent ialityThe interest Fig. 6 presents the internal logic structure of OMNeT++. The first block is the model component library, which the programmer develops in C++, and contains the compiled code of simple and compound modules. The simulation kernel and the class library (SIM) instantiates the modules and build the concrete simulation model. The user interface libraries (Envir and Cmdenv or Tkenv) provide the simulation environment, which defines the source of input data, the sink of simulation results and the debugging information. It controls the simulation execution, visual percept and animation.Cmdenv provides only command line and text mode input-output, and it is more appropriate for batch simulations. Tkenv is the graphical user interface (GUI) of OMNeT++. It provides automatic animation, module output windows and object inspectors. The avocation Fig. 7 depicts an active simulation output through OMNeT++/Tkenv.OMNeT++ includes very powerful tools to visualize the interaction a mong modules. A sequence chart diagram provides a way to inspect the timing of the events during simulation by extracting data from an event log file. During the finalization routine, the logged data are saved to specific result files, the vectors in network_name.vec and the scalars in network_name.sca files, respectively. For the result analysis, OMNeT++ produces the analysis file network_name.anf, which contains heap upd data in vectors and scalars plus any histograms, created during the final stage. every(prenominal) the types of data can be further processed by using pattern rules, in datasets and charts section, to produced advanced charts and graphs. In the ALOHA simulation most of the visible(prenominal) choices are used for demonstration.ciao SimulationBackground systemThe slotted ALOHA is the most simple random access protocol. The institutionalizeting station always broadcasts at the full rate R of the convey. The transmitting initiates at the beginning of the slo t, which is common for the aggregate of the post. If two or more displace transmit simultaneously, then the condition is called collision and all the stations involved, aft(prenominal) a random cartridge holder different for each, retransmit the frame until roaring delivery. The procedure is presented at the following figureThe slotted ALOHA protocol allows each station to transmitat at the impart full speed R, but requires slots to be synchronised in all the stations, something not nessesary for the unslotted or pure ALOHA. The following assumtions are made to simplify simulationThe source generates one frames of aloofness L bits. The inter-arrival epochs between frames follow exponential distribution. If R bps is the capacity of the wireless link then the slot condemnation is set equal to the contagious disease condemnation of each frame, which is tframe=LR sec.All inspissations are synchronized and transmit frames only at the beginning of a slot.If a node has a hot frame to intrust, it waits until the beginning of the next slot.If two or more frames collide, then their hosts retransmit after random time, following exponential distribution.If there is no collision, then the node transmits its next frame following exponential distribution.I define N the number of stations operating the slotted ALOHA protocol and p the probability of each station to transmit in the next slot. The probability for the same station to do not transmit in the next slot is then 1-p, and for the rest of the stations is 1-pN-1. Therefore, the probability for a station to have a successful transmittance during the next slot is to transmit and the rest of the stations to do not transmit, so it is p1-pN-1, and because there are N stations, the probability that an arbitrary node has a successful transmittal is Np1-pN-1.A slot where a single station transmits is called a successful slot. The dexterity of slotted ALOHA is defined as the long run fraction of successful slots, which isEp=Np1-pN-1 (1)To find the supreme efficiency, we prove p* that maximizes (1). ThenEp=N1-pN-1-NpN-11-pN-2=N1-pN-21-p-pN-1If Ep=0 then p*=1N . Using this mensurate, the maximum efficiency isEp*=N1N1-1NN-1=1-1NN-1=1-1NN1-1N (2)For a large number of active stations, the maximum efficiency accrues from (2) as N approaches infinitylimNEp*=limN1-1NNlimN1-1N=1e1=1e=0.368 (3)From (3), the maximum efficiency of slotted ALOHA is 0.368 or 36.8%The unslotted version or pure ALOHA protocol does not have the restriction of slot synchronizing, and the station is able to broadcast when a new frame is available. So pure ALOHA is a full-decentralized random access protocol. When a transmitting station detects a collision, after completing the transmission, it retransmits the frame with probability p. If it chooses to postpone the transmission for a single frame transmission period tframe=LR sec, then the probability is (1-p). The figure below depicts transmissions and collisions in the unslotted lineage.The maximum efficiency of pure ALOHA protocol is calculated similarly as the slotted ALOHA. The only difference here is that the rest of the stations should have not begun transmitting before and should not begin during the broadcast of the given station. The probability that the rest of the stations remain unaffixed is 1-pN-1 and the probability that they remain lazy is 1-pN-1 again. Therefore, the probability that the given station will have a successful transmission is p1-p2N-1.Again, we seek the value of p* that maximizes (4), which is the probability of successful transmission for the sum of the N stations.Ep=Np1-p2N-1 (4)Ep=N1-p2N-2-Np2N-11-p2N-3=N1-p2N-31-p-p2N-1If Ep=0 then p*=12N-1 . Using this value the maximum efficiency isEp*=N2N-11-12N-12N-1 (5)From (5), the maximum efficiency accrues as N approaches infinity, which islimNEp*=121e=12e (6)From (6) I assume that the maximum efficiency, for the pure ALOHA protocol, is 0.184 or 18.39%, the half of slotted ALOHA.another(prenominal) useful diagram is in Fig. 10. It depicts the apparent superiority of slotted ALOHA over the pure ALOHA protocol, despite the limitations that turn it to non-functional. The normalized total occupation is the aggregate traffic, which generated by the source of the station, divided by the channel capacity R and the normalized throughput ? is the average successful traffic (non-collided) divided by R. The slotted ALOHA achieves simulacrum throughput than the pure ALOHA and achieves its maximum efficiency when the generated traffic rate equals the channels capacity R. The pure ALOHA although, achieves its maximum efficiency when the generated traffic equals to R/2.Model DevelopmentNED languageThe following paragraphs describe the process of creating a functional model for the simulation of ALOHA protocol in OMNeT++. The object of simulation is to study the behavior of the ALOHA model and to confirm the theoretical values of maximum efficiency for pure and slotted ALOHA. The ALOHA random access protocol is peer based and does not use a server-client architecture. It is convenient to study the effect of collisions and random retransmissions only in the case when one host is receiving (becomes server) and the rest of the hosts are transmitting.The first step is to develop the NED code that describes the network Aloha. The following Aloha.ned file creates the Aloha network, which consist of simple modules, one called server and a number of hosts, equal to num multitudes parameter. The txRate defines the transmission rate R, of the wireless channel, and slotTime defines the type of protocol. Zero means pure ALOHA and 100ms defines the slot time length. The parameter display selects a background image, taken from the library.network Aloha parameters int num forcess // number of hosts double txRate unit(bps) // transmission rate double slotTime unit(ms)// zero means no slots (pure Aloha) display(bgi=background/terrain) submodules serve r server hostnumHosts Host txRate = txRate slotTime = slotTime The following Server.ned file describes the servers simple module. It fill ups an image for the server icon and defines a gate of input type (in), with which it is not necessary to establish a connection. It can receive a message directly from a host via directIn, something that is usual to wireless simulations.simple Server parameters display(i=device/antennatower_l) gates input in directInThe following Host.ned describes the hosts simple module. It loads a set of parameters from the omnetpp.ini file, the radioDelay, which is the propagation tick off over the radio link, pkLenBits, which is the length of the frame, and iaTime, which is the random inter-arrival time, following exponential distribution. The rest of the parameters, txRate and slotTime, are wicked in Aloha.ned, during sub-module instantiation.simple Host parameters double txRate unit(bps) // transmission rate double radioDelay unit(s)// propagation dela y of radio link vaporific int pkLenBits unit(b) // packet length in bits volatile double iaTime unit(s) // packet interarrival time double slotTime unit(s) // zero means no slots (pure Aloha) display(i=device/pc_s)ConfigurationThe most critical file is the configuration file omnetpp.ini. It stores the values of the parameters that are loaded in the NED parameter fields. When declaring on the General field that Aloha.slotTime=0, is presets globally the pure ALOHA protocol. Similarly, the Aloha.numHosts=20 defines the number of hosts to be 20, the Aloha.txRate=9.6kbps defines the R to be 9600bps. The last definitions load the parameters of Aloha model and consequently the parameters of the simple modules that Aloha model controls, which are the server and the host modules. The definitions Aloha.host*.pkLenBits=952b and Aloha.host*.radioDelay=10ms load directly the parameters pk.LenBits and radioDelay on every host submodule, respectively.Generalnetwork = Alohadebug-on-errors = truere cord-eventlog = trueAloha.numHosts = 20Aloha.slotTime = 0 no slotsAloha.txRate = 9.6KbpsAloha.host*.pkLenBits = 952b =119 bytes, so that (with +1 byte guard) slotTime is a nice round numberAloha.host*.radioDelay = 10msConfig PureAloha1 description = pure Aloha, overloaded too usual transmissions result in high collision rate and low channel utilizationAloha.host*.iaTime = exponential(2s)Config PureAloha2description = pure Aloha, optimal load secretive optimal load, channel utilization is near theoretical maximum 1/2eAloha.host*.iaTime = exponential(6s)Config PureAloha3description = pure Aloha, low traffic very low traffic results in channel being idle most of the timeAloha.host*.iaTime = exponential(30s)Config PureAlohaExperimentdescription = Experimental mutliparameter demostration retell = 2sim-time-limit = 90min**.vector-recording = sourAloha.numHosts = $numHosts=10,15,20Aloha.host*.iaTime = exponential($mean=1,2,3,4,5..9 step 2s)Config SlottedAloha1description = slotted Aloh a, overloaded slotTime = pkLen/txRate = 960/9600 = 0.1sAloha.slotTime = 100ms too frequent transmissions result in high collision rate and low channel utilizationAloha.host*.iaTime = exponential(0.5s)Config SlottedAloha2description = slotted Aloha, optimal load slotTime = pkLen/txRate = 960/9600 = 0.1sAloha.slotTime = 100ms near optimal load, channel utilization is near theoretical maximum 1/eAloha.host*.iaTime = exponential(2s)Config SlottedAloha3description = slotted Aloha, low traffic slotTime = pkLen/txRate = 960/9600 = 0.1sAloha.slotTime = 100ms very low traffic results in channel being idle most of the timeAloha.host*.iaTime = exponential(20s)A selection of the SlottedAloha2 configuration overrides the value of slotTime with Aloha.host*.slotTime=100ms, which fixes the slotted ALOHA protocol with slot time to 100ms. The Aloha.host*.iaTime=exponential(2s) sets the frame inter-arrival time on every host to follow exponential distribution, with mean time equals to 2 seconds.The Co nfig option PureAlohaExperiment exploits the OMNeTs capabilities of organizing different experiments with simple repetition declarations. The description Aloha.numHosts=$numHosts=10,15,20 declares trine (3) repetitions having 10, 1 and 20 hosts respectively.The statement Aloha.host*.iaTime=exponential($mean=1,2,3,4,5..9 step 2s) declares septenary (7) repetitions, with interarrival times equal to exponential distribution and means, 1, 2 ,3, 4, 5, 7 and 9, respectively. The repeat=2 statement doubles the number of runs, so finally the available choices will be 2x3x7=42 from 0 to 41 optional runs. The statement sim-time-limit=90min constrains the simulation time to 90 minutes.C++ model codingThe simple modules Host and Server are based on C++ programming. The germane(predicate) host.cc, host.h, server.cc and server.h, which are included entirely in the appendix section, implement the model behavior during simulation by exchanging messages directly one-another or with the simulation kernel. The following Fig. 11 is a design- level class diagram, describing the basic relationships among network module Aloha and simple modules, Host and Server. The two last, inherit from cSimpleModule simulation class library, and redefine the basic methods initialize(), handleMessage(), activity() and finish(), according to the desired function.The Aloha network model comprises of several Host objects and one Server, so it keeps an aggregation association with Host and Server classes. It passes also to them some parameter values, some declared in the omnetpp.ini file and some taken from user dialog form. The Host module keeps an one-way association with Server because every Host declares a Server object in the attribute field, in order to send a direct message (pk) later, by calling the sendDirect() function. The scheduleAt() function programs the kernel to send the Host an endTxEvent message when the transmission ends. This is represented by the self-association. Similarly, th e Server module programs the kernel to send the Server an endRxEvent, when the reception of the message sent from Host finishes, and is represented as the self-association.The module code is cited commented in the appendix. Here, I will explain the finish() function of the server module, because it creates the result reports, necessary for the exploitation of the simulation. misdirect Serverfinish() EV